New Zealand has a very high rate of skin cancer, when compared to other countries. The most common forms of skin cancer usually appear on areas of skin that have been over-exposed to the sun. Risk factors for developing skin cancer are: prolonged exposure to the sun; people with fair skin; and possibly over-exposure to UV light from sun beds. There are three main types of skin cancers: basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma. Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) This is the most common type and is found on skin surfaces that are exposed to sun. A BCC remains localised and does not usually spread to other areas of the body. Sometimes BCC’s can ulcerate and scab so it is important not to mistake it for a sore. BCCs occur more commonly on the face, back of hands and back. They appear usually as small, red lumps that don’t heal and sometimes bleed or become itchy. They have the tendency to change in size and sometimes in colour. Treatment Often a BCC can be diagnosed just by its appearance. In other cases it will be removed totally and sent for examination and diagnosis, or a biopsy may be taken and just a sample sent for diagnosis. Removal of a BCC will require an appointment with a doctor or surgeon. It will be termed minor surgery and will require a local anaesthetic (numbing of the area) and possibly some stitches. A very small number of BCCs will require a general anaesthetic (you will sleep through the operation) for removal. Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) This type of skin cancer also affects areas of the skin that have exposure to the sun. The most common area is the face, but an SCC can also affect other parts of the body and can spread to other parts of the body. The spreading (metastasising) can potentially be fatal if not successfully treated. A SCC usually begins as a keratosis that looks like an area of thickened scaly skin, it may then develop into a raised, hard lump which enlarges. SCCs can sometimes be painful. Often the edges are irregular and it can appear wart like, the colour can be reddish brown. Sometimes it can appear like a recurring ulcer that does not heal. All SCCs will need to be removed, because of their potential for spread. The removal and diagnosis is the same as for a BCC. Malignant Melanoma This is the most serious form of skin cancer. It can spread to other parts of the body and people can die from this disease. A melanoma usually starts as a pigmented growth on normal skin. They often, but not always, occur on areas that have high sun exposure. In some cases, a melanoma may develop from existing pigmented moles. What to look for: an existing mole that changes colour (it may be black, dark blue or even red and white) the colour pigment may be uneven the edges of the mole/freckle may be irregular and have a spreading edge the surface of the mole/freckle may be flaky/crusted and raised sudden growth of an existing or new mole/freckle inflammation and or itchiness surrounding an existing or new mole/freckle. Treatment It is important that any suspect moles or freckles are checked by a GP or a dermatologist. The sooner a melanoma is treated, there is less chance of it spreading. A biopsy or removal will be carried out depending on the size of the cancer. Tissue samples will be sent for examination, as this will aid in diagnosis and help determine the type of treatment required. If the melanoma has spread more surgery may be required to take more of the affected skin. Samples from lymph nodes that are near to the cancer may be tested for spread, then chemotherapy or radiotherapy may be required to treat this spread. Once a melanoma has been diagnosed, a patient may be referred to an oncologist (a doctor who specialises in cancer). A melanoma that is in the early stages can be treated more successfully and cure rates are much higher than one that has spread.

Acne is a skin disorder that is characterised by pimples, blackheads, whiteheads, and, in bad cases, cysts (deeper lumps). Acne usually starts at puberty and is in response to our body’s production of hormones, called androgens. These hormones cause the sebaceous glands (oil-producing glands in the skin) to get bigger and produce more oil. The extra oil (sebum) mixes with dead skin cells and naturally occurring bacteria on the surface of the skin and blocks pores. Once a pore is blocked the bacteria multiply and cause inflammation, which produces the characteristic signs of acne. Acne commonly occurs on the face, neck, back and chest. Acne can lead to permanent scarring. Other causes of acne may include: genetics heavy makeup harsh and repetitive cleansing picking and squeezing certain medications diet. Acne Vulgaris is the most common form of acne. Adult Acne occurs in about 30% of people at some stage in their adult life. It is thought that adult acne also has some hormonal influences. Acne Roseaca is similar to acne vulgaris, with oily skin and spots, but also has flushing or redness of the skin in the affected area. The flush may be set off by certain spicy food or alcohol. Treatment Usually acne can be treated successfully, but results do not happen overnight and what can work for one person may not work for another. It may take several months to see initial results, and once it significantly clears treatment is still required to keep it from coming back. Some medications for acne can only be prescribed by a dermatologist. When acne is treated early the results are very good and it also helps to reduce scarring. Over-the-counter products are available to treat mild-to-moderate acne, but check with a pharmacist which product is the best for your type of acne. In moderate-to-severe acne, treatment usually requires the help of a dermatologist and often more than one type of treatment. Treatments may include: antibiotic creams topical (apply to your skin) retinoids oral (take by mouth) antibiotics: these reduce the number of bacteria present on the skin which leads to a decrease in inflammation oral contraceptives: these reduce the amount of oil produced by the sebaceous glands. However, possible side effects must be taken into consideration before starting treatment over-the-counter acne products. Severe acne, with deep cysts, inflammation and scarring, should be treated by a dermatologist and in most cases can be successfully treated. Treatment may include: surgery: the deep cysts are removed and drained corticosteroid injection: used to treat the inflammation, promote healing of an acne cyst and help prevent scarring isotretinoin: an oral medication prescribed by a dermatologist that effectively works on all factors that cause acne. It can also have some side effects so you will need to be continually monitored whilst on this medication oral antibiotics oral contraceptives.

In this procedure, an intense beam of light from the laser is used to remove areas of damaged or aged skin on your face. The laser only targets the surface layers of the skin and does not affect the deeper layers. A new surface layer of skin grows back to replace the removed layers. Laser resurfacing is used to reduce fine lines and wrinkles, scars and uneven pigmentation.